Consideraciones en torno a los orígenes de la política: Las comunidades de chimpancés (pan troglodytes) como modelo referencial

Catarina Casanova, Luis Vicente, Antonio B. Vieira

Resumen


On the origins of politics: The chimpanzees’ communities as referential models

In this paper we consider different definitions of politics and apply them to several examples of social relationships in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We also present some definitions of alliance, coalition, justice, morality and other concepts. Taking in account the discoveries coming from the primatological field of the last thirty years, and our own field work experience at the Lisbon Zoo, we present all these concepts as not being exclusively human.

 


Texto completo:

PDF

Referencias


Altmann, J., (1974), “Observational Study of Behavior. Sampling Methods,” Behaviour 49: 227-67.

Areia, M. R. L., (1989), “Que Ensino de Biologia na Licenciatura de Antropologia?,” Antropologia Portuguesa 7: 131-41.

Balandier, C., (1987), Antropologia Política, Lisboa: Editorial Presença.

Barata, O. S., (1974), Introdução às Ciéncias Sociais, vol. I, Lisboa: Bertrand. Bernstein, I.; Judge, P.; Ruehlmann T., (1993), “Sex Differences in Behavior During Adolescencet in Macaca mulatta,” in Abstracts of the XXIII International Ethologial Conference, Torremolinos.

Boesch, C., (1993), “Towards a New Image of Culture in Wild Chimpanzees?”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15: 149-50.

Bonner, J., (1980), The Evolution of Culture in Animals, New York: Princeton University Press.

Boyd, R.; Silk, J., (1983), “A Method for Assigning Cardinal Dominance Ranks”, Animal Behavior 31: 45-58.

Byrne, R., (1995), The Thinking Ape, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Casanova, C., (1992a), Seminário de Inivestigação Sobre as Alterações nos Hábitos Alimentares e na Sexualidade dos Gorilas (“Gorilla gorilla gorilla”) do Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa, Lisboa: ISCSP/UTL.

Casanova, C., (1992b), “Sobre as Alterações nos Hábitos Alimentares e na Sexualidade dos Gorilas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) do Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa,” Ciência, IV (3): 42-5.

Casanova, C., (1994a), “Cativeiros Naturalísticos e a Conservação de Primatas,” Ciência, VI (5): 25-30.

Casanova, C., (1994b), Relatório Preliminar sobre o Estudio do Comportamento e Organização Social entre Indivíduos da Espécie “Pan troglodytes” do Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa. Lisboa: Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa.

Casanova, C., (1996), Primatologia: Sobre o Comportamento e a Organização Social un grupo de Chimpanzés (“Pan troglodytes”) em Cativeiro, Lisboa: ISCSP/UTL.

Collinge, N., (1993), Introduction to Primate Behavior, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. de Waal, F. B. M., (1999a), La Política de los Chimpancés, Madrid: Alianza Editorial.

— (1989b), Peacemaking among Primates, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

— (1992a), “Aggression as a Well-Integrated Part of Primate Social Relationships: a Critique of the Seville Statement on Violence,” in James Silverberg & J. Patrick Gray, (eds.), Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 37-56.

— (1992b), “Coalitions as Part of Reciprocal Relations in the Arnheim Chimpanzee Colony,” in A. H. Harcourt & F. B. M. de Waal, (eds.), Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 233-58.

— (1992c), “The Chimpanzee’s Sense of Social Regularity and its Relation to the Human Sense of justice,” in R. Masters & M. Jruter, (eds.), The Sense of Justice. Biological Foundations of Law, New York: Sage Publications, p. 241-55.

— (1992d), “International Deception in Primates,” Evolutionary Anthropology 1 (3): 87-92.

— (1993a), “Reconciliation among Primates: a Review of Empirical Evidence and Unresolved Issues,” in W. A. Mason & S. P. Mendoza, (eds.), Primate Social Conflict, New York: State University of New York Press, p. 111-44.

— (1996), Good Natured. The Origin of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Dunbar, R. I. M., (1988), Primate Social Systems, London: Croom Helm.

— (1992), “Neocortex Size as a Constraint on Group Size in Primates,” Journal of Human Evolution 22 (6): 469-93.

Duverger, M., (1959), Méthodes de la science politique, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

— (1966), Introdução à Política, Lisboa: Estúdios Cor.

Fedigan, L, (1992), Primate Paradigms: Sex Roles and Social Bonds, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gallup, G., (1970), “Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition,” Science 167: 86-7.

— (1982), “Self-Awareness and the Emergency of Mind in Primates,” American Journal of Primatology 2: 237-48.

Garcia, S. (1995), “Sobre o Conceito de Cultura,” Revista das Jornadas de Antropologia, 95: 15-7.

Goodall, J., (1986), The Chimpanzees of Gombe. Patterns of Behavior, Cambridge, Mass.: The Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press.

— (1990), Através de uma Janfla. Trinta Anos Com os Chimpanzés da Tanzania, Rio de Janeiro: J. Zahar.

Hall, K.; DeVore, I., (1965), “Baboon Social Behavior,” in I. DeVore, (ed.), Primate Behavior, New York: Holt.

Harcourt, A.; de Waal, (1992b), “Cooperation in Conflict: from Ants to Anthropoids,” in A. Harcourt & F. de Waal, (eds.), Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 493-510.

Huffman, M. A.; Wrangham, R., (1994), “Diversity of Medicinal Plants use by Chimpanzees in the Wild,” in R. Wrangham; W. McGrew; F. B. M. de Waal; P. Heltne, (eds.), Chimpanzee Cultures, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, p. 129-48.

Jurmain, R.; H. Nelson; W. Turnbaugh, (1984), Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archeology, 2nd (ed.), St. Paul: West Publishing Company.

Lévi-Strauss, C., (1967), Estruturas Elementares do Parentesco, S. Paulo: Vozes.

Maltez, J. A., (1993), Sobre a Ciência Política, Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

— (1996), Princípios de Ciência Política. Introdução à Teoria Política, Lisboa: ISCSP/UTL.

Martin, P.; Bateson, P., (1993), Measuring Behavior, (2nd ed.), Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.

Matsuzawa, T., (1993), “Isomorphism of Symbol-Use and Tool-Use in Chimpanzees in Captivity and in the Wild,” in Abstracts of the XXIII International Ethologial Conference, Torremolinos.

Mead, M., (1928 [1943]), Coming of Age in Samoa, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

McGrew, W., (1981), “The Female Chimpanzee as a Female Evolutionary Prototype,” in F. Dalberg (ed.), Women the Gatherer, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 35-73.

— (1992), Chimpanzee Material Culture. Implications for Human Evolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

— (1994), “Tools Compared: the Material of Cultures,” in R. Wrangham; W. McGrew; F. B. M. de Waal; P. Heltne, (eds.), Chimpanzee Cultures, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, p. 25-40.

McKenna, J., (1982), “Primate Field Studies: the Evolution of Behavior and its Socioecology,” in J. Fobes & J. King, (eds.), Primate Behavior, New York: Academic Press.

Moore, J., (1996), “Savanna Chimpanzees. Referential Models and the Last Common Ancestor,” in W. McGrew; L. Marchant, T. Nishida, (eds.), Great Ape Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Moreira, C. D., (1987), Antropologia: Perspectivas e Método, Lisboa: ISCSP, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

— (1996), Identidade e Diferença: os Desafios do Pluralismo Cultural, Lisboa: lSCSP/UTL.

Morris, D., (1969), O Zoo Humano, Lisboa: Europa-América.

Mundinger, P. C., (1980), “Animal Cultures and a General Theory of Cultural Evolution,” Ethology and Sociobiology 1: 183-223.

Nishida, T., (1987), “Local Traditions and Cultural Transmission,” in B. Smuts et al., (eds.), Primate Societies, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 462-74.

Nishida, T.; M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, (1987), “Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Cooperative Relationships among Males,” in B. Smuts et al., (eds.), Primate Societies, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 165-77.

Silverberg J.; Gray, J., (1992), “Violence and Peacefulness as Behavioral Potentialities of Primates,” in J. Silverberg; J. Gray, (eds.), Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 1-36.

Tanner, N. M., (1981), On Becoming Human, Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.

— (1987), “The Chimpanzee Model Revisited and the Gathering Hypothesis,” in W. Kinzey, (ed.), The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models, Albany: State University of New York Press.

Tomasello, M., (1994), “The Question of Chimpanzee Culture,” in R. Wrangham; W. McGrew, P. B. M. de Waal; P. Heltne, (eds.), Chimpanzee Cultures, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, p. 301-18.

Trivers, R. L., (1971), “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism”, Quarterly Review of Biology 16: 495-552.

Vieira, A. B., (1982), “Ethologie et Subversion,” Agressologie 23 (1): 1-13.

— (1995), Ensaios sobre a Evolução do Homem e da Linguagem, Col. Margens, Lisboa: Fim de Século.

Wrangham, R. W.; de Waal, F. B. M.; McGrew, W. C., (1994), “The Challenge of Behavioral Diversity,” in R. Wrangham; W. McGrew; F. B. M. de Waal; P. Heltne, (eds.), Chimpanzee Cultures, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.


Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


Revista semestral editada por el Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Políticos
y Sociales Vicente Lombardo Toledano de la Secretaría de Educación Pública,
la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa y Edicions UIB de la Universitat de les Illes Balears.

Lombardo Toledano 51, Col. Ex-Hda. Guadalupe Chimalistac,
Del. Alvaro Obregón, C.P. 01050, México, D.F.
Tels. (5255) 5661-4679 y 5661-4987
Fax: (5255) 5661-1787